chapter 01. 비뇨기계와 요 / 3
1. 신장의 구조 · ···························································· 4
2. 요 형성과정 · ···························································· 8
3. 요의 농축 · ···························································· 13
4. 요의 산성화 · ·························································· 13
5. 배 뇨 ·································································· 18
⊙ 핵심요약 및 실전문제 · ················································ 21

chapter 02. 요검사 / 23
1. 요검사의 의의 ························································· 23
2. 요검사의 중요성 · ····················································· 24
⊙ 핵심요약 및 실전문제 · ················································ 25

chapter 03. 요의 채취 / 27
1. 요의 채취 · ···························································· 27
2. 채뇨방법 ······························································ 28
3. 요와 체액의 구별법 ···················································· 31
4. 정상 요량(Urine volume) ·············································· 32
⊙ 핵심요약 및 실전문제 · ················································ 35

chapter 04. 요의 보존법 / 37
1. 요의 보존 방법 · ······················································· 38
2. 오차의 원인 · ·························································· 41
⊙ 핵심요약 및 실전문제 · ················································ 42

chapter 05. 일상뇨 검사 / 43
1. 일상뇨 검사(Routine urinalysis) · ······································ 43
2. 일상뇨의 검사 종목 ···················································· 44
3. 기타 Special tests · ···················································· 45
⊙ 핵심요약 및 실전문제 · ················································ 46

chapter 06. 물리적 검사 / 47
1. 요색(Color) · ·························································· 47
2. 혼탁도(Turbidity) · ···················································· 49
3. 냄새(Odor) · ·························································· 51
⊙ 핵심요약 및 실전문제 · ················································ 53

chapter 07. 화학적 검사 / 55
1. pH ···································································· 57
2. 비중(Specific gravity; S.G) · ··········································· 59
3. 요비중계(urinometer) ················································· 64
4. 단백뇨(Proteinuria) · ·················································· 65
5. 당뇨(Urine sugars) · ··················································· 75
6. 케톤체(ketone body) ·················································· 82
7. 잠혈반응(Occult blood) · ·············································· 85
8. Bilirubin · ····························································· 91
9. Urobilinogen · ························································ 99
10. Nitrite · ····························································· 103
11. Leukocyte esterase ················································· 106
12. Ascorbic acid · ······················································ 107
13. Random urine specimen의 참고치 · ································· 108
14. Routine urinalysis의 적용 및 임상적 의의 ···························· 110
⊙ 핵심요약 및 실전문제 · ··············································· 111


chapter 08. 세균뇨 / 123
1. 임상적 의의 · ························································· 123
2. 검체채취방법 · ······················································· 124
3. 요의 보존조건 ························································ 124
4. 화학적 간이측정법 · ·················································· 124
⊙ 핵심요약 및 실전문제 · ··············································· 129

chapter 09. 요침사 검경 / 131
1. 의의 · ································································ 131
2. 요침사(Urine sediment) ·············································· 131
3. 요침사의 종류 ························································ 139
4. 요침사의 현미경학적인 특성 ·········································· 141
5. 요침사의 검경시 오차 · ··············································· 171
⊙ 핵심요약 및 실전문제 · ··············································· 172

chapter 10. 요침사의 현미경적 형태 / 175
1. 적혈구(Red blood cells) ·············································· 175
2. 백혈구(White blood cells) ············································ 178
3. 상피세포(Epithelial cells) · ··········································· 180
4. 원주(Casts) · ························································· 184
5. 결정체(Crystals) ······················································ 190
6. 기타의 요침사(Other urinary sediments) ······························ 202

chapter 11. 요침사의 관찰 / 209
1. 적혈구(Red blood cells) ·············································· 209
2. 백혈구(White blood cells) ············································ 215
3. 상피세포(Epithelial cells) · ··········································· 222
4. 원주(Casts) · ························································· 227
5. 산성뇨에서 검출되는 결정체(Crystals) · ······························· 236
6. 알칼리성뇨에서 검출되는 결정체 · ···································· 248
7. 기타의 요침사(Other urinary sediments) ······························ 250

chapter 12. 요침사의 염색법 / 257

chapter 13. 임신검사 / 267
1. 개요 · ································································ 267
2. 임상적 의의 · ························································· 268
3. 검사방법 ····························································· 268

chapter 14. Urobilin / 275
1. 개요 · ································································ 275
2. 검사방법 ····························································· 275

chapter 15. Indican / 277
1. 개요 · ································································ 277
2. 임상적 의의 · ························································· 277
3. 검사방법 ····························································· 278

chapter 16. Porphyrin / 281
1. 개요 · ································································ 281
2. 임상적 의의 · ························································· 281
3. 참고사항 ····························································· 282
4. 검사방법 ····························································· 283

chapter 17. Phenylketonuria / 287
1. 개요 · ································································ 287
2. 검사방법 ····························································· 288

chapter 18. Alkaptonuria / 291
1. 개요 · ································································ 291
2. 임상적 의의 · ························································· 291
3. 검사방법 ····························································· 291

chapter 19. Melanin / 293
1. 개요 · ································································ 293
2. 임상적 의의 · ························································· 293
3. 검사방법 ····························································· 293

chapter 20. 칼슘 / 297
1. 개요 · ································································ 297
2. 임상적 의의 · ························································· 297
3. 검사방법 ····························································· 297

chapter 21. Vanillylmandelic acid(VMA) / 299
1. 개요 · ································································ 299
2. 임상적 의의 · ························································· 299
3. 검사방법 ····························································· 299

chapter 22. 17-OHCS / 301
1. 개요 · ································································ 301
2. 임상적 의의 · ························································· 301
3. 검체 취급 · ··························································· 301
4. 검사방법 ····························································· 302
5. 유의사항 ····························································· 302
6. 기준치 · ······························································ 302

chapter 23. 5-HIAA / 303
1. 개요 · ································································ 303
2. 임상적 의의 · ························································· 303
3. 검체 취급 · ··························································· 304
4. 검사방법 ····························································· 304
5. 유의사항 ····························································· 304
6. 기준치 · ······························································ 305

chapter 24. 17-KS(17-Ketosteroids) / 307
1. 개요 · ································································ 307
2. 임상적 의의 · ························································· 307
3. 검체 취급 · ··························································· 308
4. 검사방법 ····························································· 308
5. 유의사항 ····························································· 308
6. 기준치(성인) ························································· 308

chapter 25. NAG test / 309
1. 개요 · ································································ 309
2. 임상적 의의 · ························································· 309
3. NAG의 측정방법 · ···················································· 310
4. 유의사항 ····························································· 310
5. 기준치 · ······························································ 310
목 차

chapter 26. Addis count / 311
1. 개요 · ································································ 311
2. 시 약 ································································· 311
3. 검사방법 ····························································· 311

chapter 27. 기타 체액검사 / 313
1. 정액검사(Semen analysis) ············································ 313
2. 뇌척수액(Cerebrospinal fluid) ········································ 314
3. 양수(Amniotic fluid) · ················································ 315
4. 위액(Gastric juice) · ·················································· 315
5. 장액(intestinal juice) · ················································ 316
6. 활액(Synovial juice) ·················································· 316
⊙ 핵심요약 및 실전문제 · ··············································· 317

chapter 28. 요검사의 정도관리(QC) / 329
1. 의의 · ································································ 329
2. 정도관리란? ·························································· 329
3. 정도관리 물질이란? · ················································· 330
4. 정도관리의 종류 · ···················································· 330
5. 정도관리 물질 선정 시 고려할 항목들 · ································ 331
6. 검사 결과의 해석 ····················································· 336
7. 요검사시험지와 정도관리 · ··········································· 337
8. 상품화된 URiTROL level 1,2,3(YD)의 요검사
정도관리물질 조제 및 사용방법 ······································· 343
9. Checkstix(Ames)를 이용한 정도관리 · ································ 344
10. 정도관리 신빙도 조사(1999년) · ····································· 345
11. 기록방법 ···························································· 347
12. 요침사의 정도관리 · ················································· 349

chapter 29. 부 록 I / 355

chapter 30. 부 록 II -인증평가관련 요검사분야의 지침서- / 361

찾아보기 · ······························································ 385
INDEX · ································································ 389